Prophet Muhammad’s Parents (A.S)

Introduction

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the final prophet of Islam, hailed from a noble lineage within the Quraysh tribe of Makkah. His parents, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Aminah bint Wahb were esteemed members of Banu Hashim, a noble clan from the tribe of Quraysh. Their lives, though short-lived, were significant in shaping the early years of the Prophet. This article delves into the lives of Prophet Muhammad’s Parents, Abdullah, and Aminah, highlighting their backgrounds, marriage, and the impact of their untimely deaths on their son.

Hashim ibn Abd Munaf

The Patriarch of the Hashim Clan

Hashim ibn Abd Manaf is a prominent figure in the pre-Islamic history of the Arabian Peninsula and the great-grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). His life and legacy significantly influenced the social and economic landscape of Makkah and the Quraysh tribe. Here is an in-depth look at Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, his contributions, and his enduring legacy.

Early Life and Lineage

Hashim ibn Abd Manaf was born into the influential Quraysh tribe, a leading tribe in Makkah. His father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, was a respected leader, and his mother was Atikah bint Murrah. Hashim’s lineage is traced back to Fihr, the progenitor of the Quraysh, which endowed him with considerable prestige and authority within his community.

Contributions to Meccan Society

Hashim, the chief of Quraysh, was known for his wisdom, generosity, and leadership. He played a crucial role in enhancing the socio-economic status of Makkah and the Quraysh tribe. His most notable contributions include:

1. Establishing Trade Caravans:
   Hashim is credited with establishing the biannual trade caravans of the Quraysh, which traveled north to Syria in the summer and south to Yemen in the winter. These caravans ensured a steady flow of goods and wealth into Makkah, transforming it into a thriving commercial hub. This initiative not only boosted the local economy but also established the Quraysh as influential traders in the Nabataean region, from Makkah to Petra.
2. Negotiating Safe Passages:
   Hashim secured treaties with neighboring tribes to ensure the safe passage of these trade caravans. His diplomatic skills and strategic alliances provided protection and facilitated uninterrupted trade routes, which were crucial for the economic prosperity of Makkah.
3. Provisioning Pilgrims:
   Hashim was renowned for his generosity, particularly in providing food and water to pilgrims visiting the Kaabah. This act of hospitality enhanced the religious significance of Makkah and solidified the status of the Quraysh as custodians of the Kaabah, further intertwining their economic and spiritual leadership.

Family and Descendants

Hashim married Salma bint Amr, a woman of high status from the Banu Najjar clan in Yathrib (later known as Medina). Hashim’s descendants, known as the Banu Hashim, became one of the most respected clans within the Quraysh tribe. The lineage continued through Abdul Muttalib to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), thus making Hashim a pivotal ancestor in Islamic history.

Legacy

Hashim ibn Abd Manaf’s legacy is multifaceted. His entrepreneurial spirit and diplomatic acumen laid the groundwork for Makkah’s transformation into a vital commercial and religious center. His initiatives in trade and hospitality established the Quraysh’s dominance in the region, which in turn facilitated the spread of Islam in the subsequent century.

In Islamic tradition, Hashim is remembered with great respect. His name is frequently mentioned in genealogies and historical accounts, underscoring his lasting impact on the lineage of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the development of Makkan society.

Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim

Early Life and Lineage

Abdul Muttalib, born Shaybah ibn Hashim, was the son of Hashim ibn Abd Manaf and Salma bint Amr. He was born in Yathrib (later Medina), where his mother’s family resided. His birth name, Shaybah, meaning “old man,” was given due to a streak of white hair present at his birth. After the death of his father, Hashim, Abdul Muttalib stayed with his mother in Yathrib.

When Shaybah was around eight years old, his uncle, Al-Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf, came to take him to Makkah to ensure he was raised among his own people. As they entered Makkah, people mistook him for a slave due to his appearance and the dusty journey, and thus, he was nicknamed Abdul Muttalib, meaning “the servant of al-Muttalib.”

After his father’s death, Abdul Muttalib became the Chief of Quraysh and custodian of Ka’abah. Though he continued his father’s legacy, he added more value to the nobility of Quraysh. Despite the predominant religion of idolatry in Makkah, Abdul Muttalib revived the monotheistic belief preached by Ibrahim (peace be upon him). [Fayz al-Bari, Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari]

Rediscovery of the Zamzam Well

One of Abdul Muttalib’s most significant achievements was the rediscovery of the Zamzam well, a sacred source of water that had been lost over time. The Zamzam well holds great historical and religious significance, as it is believed to have been a miraculous provision for Hagar and her son Ishmael in the desert.

The Vision

Abdul Muttalib experienced a series of visions instructing him to dig for the Zamzam well. Initially, he faced skepticism and opposition from the Quraysh, as the task seemed impossible and was seen as a claim to an ancient heritage with profound implications. Despite the doubts and resistance, Abdul Muttalib persisted, driven by his unwavering faith in the spiritual visions.

The Discovery

Abdul Muttalib, accompanied by his son Harith, began digging at the site indicated in his dreams. After days of labor, they struck the water, rediscovering the Zamzam well. This event significantly elevated Abdul Muttalib’s status in Makkan society, as the well became a vital resource for pilgrims and locals alike. The rediscovery reaffirmed the Quraysh’s role as the custodians of the Kaabah and enhanced Abdul Muttalib’s reputation as a leader chosen by divine will.

Leadership and Legacy

Abdul Muttalib inherited his father Hashim’s leadership qualities and further solidified the Hashim clan’s influence within the Quraysh tribe. His leadership was characterized by several notable attributes and achievements:

1. Generosity and Hospitality: Following in his father’s footsteps, Abdul Muttalib was known for his generosity, especially towards pilgrims visiting the Kaaba. He ensured that the Zamzam water was freely available to all, reflecting the Hashim family’s commitment to hospitality.
2. Moral Integrity: Abdul Muttalib was renowned for his moral integrity and sense of justice. He was a respected arbitrator in tribal disputes, and his decisions were regarded as fair and wise. His ethical conduct set a standard for leadership that influenced his descendants, including Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
3. Custodianship of the Kaaba: Abdul Muttalib played a crucial role in the maintenance and protection of the Kaabah. He was responsible for organizing the care and cleaning of the sacred site, further cementing the Hashim clan’s esteemed position in Meccan society.
4. The Year of the Elephant: One of the most famous incidents during Abdul Muttalib’s leadership was the attempted invasion of Mecca by Abraha, the Abyssinian governor of Yemen, who sought to destroy the Kaaba. This event, known as the Year of the Elephant, occurred in the same year as the birth of Prophet Muhammad (570 CE). Abdul Muttalib’s dignified response and his prayer to God for protection led to the miraculous defeat of Abraha’s army, as recorded in Islamic tradition and the Quran (Surah Al-Fil).

Family and Descendants

Abdul Muttalib had many children, the most notable being:

• Abdullah: The father of Prophet Muhammad, whose early death left Muhammad an orphan.
• Abu Talib: A key guardian and supporter of Muhammad during his early years and the initial phase of his prophethood.
• Hamza: An uncle of Muhammad, who later became a prominent companion and martyr in Islam.
• Abbas: Another uncle of Muhammad, whose descendants (the Abbasids) would later establish a significant Islamic dynasty.

Abdul Muttalib’s legacy as a leader, custodian of the Kaaba, and patriarch of a significant lineage remains an integral part of Islamic history. His rediscovery of the Zamzam well, moral leadership, and the influence on his descendants, particularly Prophet Muhammad, underscore his pivotal role in shaping the spiritual and social landscape of Mecca. His life and actions continue to be remembered and revered in the annals of Islamic tradition.

Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Abdullah, the father of Prophet Muhammad, was the youngest son of Abd al-Muttalib, a revered leader of the Quraysh tribe. Abdullah’s lineage is traced back to the prominent Hashim clan, known for their custodianship of the Kaaba, the sacred house of worship in Makkah. Abdullah was renowned for his handsome appearance and virtuous character, traits that earned him the admiration of his contemporaries.

Abdul Muttalib’s Vow and the Sacrifice of His Son

The Context of the Vow

Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), was a man of deep faith and strong character. One significant episode in his life that illustrates his devoutness and the Prophet Ibrahim’s legacy, involves a vow he made regarding his sons.

During the period when Abdul Muttalib was rediscovering the Zamzam well, he faced considerable opposition and hardship. It was a challenging task that required immense effort and determination. In his moments of struggle, Abdul Muttalib made a solemn vow to Allah: if Allah granted him ten sons who would grow to adulthood and be able to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them in gratitude and devotion.

The Fulfillment of the Vow

Years passed, and Abdul Muttalib was blessed with ten sons, all of whom survived to adulthood. True to his word, he felt compelled to fulfill his vow. This situation posed a significant moral and emotional dilemma, reflecting the intense personal and spiritual commitment of Abdul Muttalib.

To determine which son would be sacrificed, Abdul Muttalib used the traditional method of casting lots, a common practice among the Arabs of that time for making difficult decisions. The lot fell upon his youngest and most beloved son, Abdullah, who was the father of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

The Resolution

Abdul Muttalib’s decision to proceed with the sacrifice caused a great stir among his family and the Quraysh tribe. Many were horrified at the prospect of losing Abdullah, known for his beauty, kindness, and potential. They implored Abdul Muttalib to seek an alternative solution.

In response, Abdul Muttalib consulted a wise woman known for her prophecies. She suggested a practice of substituting the human sacrifice with a number of camels. The number of camels was to be determined by casting lots until the lot favored the camels over Abdullah.

The process began with ten camels, but each time the lot fell upon Abdullah. Abdul Muttalib continued to increase the number of camels by ten until, eventually, the lot fell upon the camels at the count of one hundred. Relieved and grateful, Abdul Muttalib sacrificed a hundred camels in place of his son.

The Significance and Legacy

This episode is significant for several reasons:

1. Demonstration of Faith: Abdul Muttalib’s readiness to fulfill his vow, despite the personal cost, underscores his deep faith and commitment to his promises. It reflects the intense spiritual culture of pre-Islamic Arabia, where vows and oaths were taken seriously.
2. Divine Providence: The resolution of the situation through the substitution of camels is seen as a sign of divine mercy and providence. It not only saved Abdullah’s life but also underscored the importance of seeking compassionate solutions within the framework of faith.
3. Ancestral Influence: This event highlights the significant role of Abdul Muttalib in shaping the moral and spiritual environment in which Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was raised. The Prophet’s own life and teachings would later emphasize mercy, compassion, and the sanctity of human life, principles that can be seen as influenced by his grandfather’s actions.
4. Cultural Impact: The practice of substituting sacrifices with animals became more recognized, aligning with later Islamic principles where human sacrifice is strictly prohibited, and animal sacrifice during rituals like Eid al-Adha was encouraged as a symbol of devotion and charity.

Abdul Muttalib’s vow and the subsequent events surrounding the near-sacrifice of Abdullah are deeply woven into the fabric of Islamic history. This story not only highlights the devoutness and integrity of Abdul Muttalib but also foreshadows the compassionate and merciful nature of Islamic teachings. The preservation of Abdullah’s life led to the birth of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), whose message of monotheism and ethical conduct would profoundly change the world.

Abdullah as a Trader

Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib, following the traditions of the Banu Hashim clan, actively engaged in trading, a common practice among his people. The Banu Hashim were well-known for their commercial prowess and maintained prosperous trade routes across the Arabian Peninsula. Abdullah participated in these trade expeditions, traveling to regions such as Syria and Yemen, which helped in fostering economic ties and bringing wealth to Makkah. His involvement in trade not only contributed to the economic stability of his family but also cemented his reputation as a capable and honorable trader within the Quraysh tribe.

Abdullah the Man of Character

Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib was widely recognized for his exceptional character and virtuous conduct, qualities that set him apart in a society where moral laxity was increasingly prevalent. Despite the widespread acceptance of fornication and other unethical behaviors in Mecca, Abdullah remained steadfast in his integrity and purity. His striking physical beauty, which drew the admiration of many, did not sway him towards the temptations that ensnared others. Instead, Abdullah’s handsomeness was matched by an inner nobility and strength of character.

He was deeply committed to the ethical principles upheld by his family, the Banu Hashim, who were known for their adherence to traditional values and their role as custodians of the Kaaba. Abdullah’s moral fortitude earned him immense respect within the community. His life was a testament to the possibility of maintaining virtue and honor in the face of pervasive immorality.

The Aksumite Empire and Its Invasion of Makkah

The Aksumite Empire

The Aksumite Empire, also known as the Kingdom of Aksum, flourished from approximately 100 CE to 940 CE and was one of the major civilizations of ancient Africa. Centered in what is now northern Ethiopia/ Abyssinia and Eritrea. Aksuma and Abyssinia was called Habshah by the Arabs. Aksum was a major trading empire known for its wealth, monumental architecture, and advanced society. The empire controlled key trade routes connecting the Roman Empire, India, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Aksum’s Religious and Commercial Interests

By the early 6th century, Aksum had embraced Christianity, becoming one of the first regions outside the Roman Empire to do so. The empire’s conversion was significantly influenced by the missionary work of Frumentius, who was appointed as the first bishop of Aksum by the Patriarch of Alexandria. The adoption of Christianity fostered close ties between Aksum and the Byzantine Empire, which also sought to spread Christianity and counter the influence of the Persian-Sassanian Empire, which practiced Zoroastrianism.

The Invasion of Yemen

Around 525 CE, the Aksumite Empire invaded the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. This military campaign was led by King Kaleb of Aksum who sent Aryat as his commander, while Abrahah was one of his platoon commanders. This invasion was driven by both religious and commercial motives and directed by the Byzantine Empire.

1. Religious Motives: The Himyarite Kingdom had undergone a period of religious conflict. The last Himyarite king, Yusuf As’ar Yath’ar, also known as Dhu Nuwas, had converted to Judaism and persecuted the Christian population in his kingdom. This persecution culminated in the massacre of Christians in Najran, which outraged the Christian world. The Byzantine Emperor Justin I, seeing an opportunity to both protect fellow Christians and expand Byzantine influence, supported King Kaleb’s invasion.
2. Commercial Motives: Yemen was strategically important for controlling the lucrative incense and spice trade routes. By establishing control over Yemen, Aksum could dominate the trade routes that connected Africa, Arabia, and India. This would not only enhance Aksum’s wealth but also increase its geopolitical influence.

The Conquest and Its Aftermath

King Kaleb’s expedition was successful. The Aksumite forces defeated Dhu Nuwas, who is said to have perished, possibly by drowning in the Red Sea. After the victory, Kaleb appointed Abrahah Al-Ashram, as the viceroy of Yemen, ensuring that the region was governed under Aksumite influence and aligned with Christian interests.

Invasion of Makkah

Makkah held a pivotal role in pre-Islamic Arabia, both as a religious and trade center, shaping the social and economic dynamics of the region. The city’s strategic location, religious significance, and thriving trade routes contributed to its prominence and attracted the attention of neighboring powers.

Religious Significance

1. Sanctuary Status: Makkah was venerated by the Arabs as a sacred sanctuary, with the Kaaba serving as the focal point of religious worship. The Kaaba housed numerous idols representing various deities worshipped by different tribes, making it a central pilgrimage site. This status as a religious hub fostered unity among the otherwise disparate Arab tribes, who would converge on Makkah for religious rituals and festivals.
2. Pilgrimage Destination: The annual pilgrimage, or Hajj, drew people from all over the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. This influx of pilgrims not only reinforced Makkah’s spiritual significance but also contributed significantly to its economy, as pilgrims spent money on goods, lodging, and various services.

Economic Hub

1. Trade Center: Makkah’s religious importance was complemented by its role as a major trade center. The Quraysh tribe, who controlled Makkah, capitalized on the city’s strategic location and its status as a pilgrimage site to establish extensive trade networks. They facilitated and protected caravans that traveled between Yemen and Jerusalem, ensuring the safe passage of goods and traders.
2. Economic Prosperity: The trade caravans managed by the Quraysh brought in wealth from across the region, elevating Makkah’s economy. Goods such as spices, incense, textiles, and other valuable commodities flowed through Makkah, making it a bustling commercial hub. The Quraysh’s strategic alliances and treaties with neighboring tribes ensured the security and stability necessary for thriving trade.

Rediscovery of Zamzam Well

1. Historical Rediscovery: The well of Zamzam, located near the Kaaba, holds profound religious significance in Islamic tradition. According to Islamic lore, the well was rediscovered by Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), after being buried and forgotten for centuries. This rediscovery was seen as a divine blessing and further elevated Makkah’s status.
2. Impact on Trade: The presence of a reliable water source like Zamzam was crucial for sustaining the large number of pilgrims and traders who flocked to Makkah. It provided much-needed water for the camel caravans, which were the backbone of long-distance trade in the harsh desert environment. This accessibility to water made Makkah an even more attractive stopover for caravans, enhancing its role as a commercial hub.

Strategic Location

1. Trade Route Between Yemen and Jerusalem: Makkah’s location on the ancient trade route between Yemen and Jerusalem positioned it as a critical node in the network of Arabian trade. This route was vital for the transport of goods from the Indian Ocean and Africa to the Mediterranean markets. Caravans laden with precious commodities would pass through Makkah, benefiting from the city’s infrastructure and resources.
2. Attraction of Neighboring Powers: The economic and religious prominence of Makkah did not go unnoticed by neighboring powers, particularly the Aksumite Kingdom. The Aksumites, who controlled parts of present-day Ethiopia and Yemen, were keenly interested in the lucrative trade routes passing through Makkah. Their ambitions were reflected in the famous expedition led by Abraha, the Aksumite governor of Yemen, who attempted to attack Makkah to divert the pilgrimage and trade to his capital but was famously thwarted in the event known as the Year of the Elephant.
3. The fate of Abrahah: Abrahah’s army was miraculously destroyed by Divine intervention and he tasted a dreadful death. No sooner did the Aksum Kingdom have to retreat from Yemen.

Aksumite’s control over Yemen was not long-lasting. Around 571 CE, the Sassanian Empire, seeking to extend its influence and counter Byzantine and Aksumite presence in Arabia, sent an expedition led by the general Vahriz. The Persians overthrew the Aksumite rulers in Yemen and established their own control over the region, which lasted until the rise of Islam in the 7th century.

Abdullah’s Marriage to Aminah

Around 570 CE, Abdullah’s marriage to Aminah bint Wahb, also known for her piety and noble lineage, was a union celebrated for its purity and alignment of virtuous individuals. This marriage produced the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), whose life and teachings would later emphasize the importance of moral integrity, compassion, and righteousness. Abdullah’s exemplary conduct, therefore, not only distinguished him in his own time but also laid a foundation of virtue and moral strength that would be inherited and propagated by his illustrious son.

Aminah bint Wahb

Aminah bint Wahb hailed from the Zuhra clan, another respected branch of the Quraysh tribe. She was the daughter of Wahb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra and Barrah bint Abdul Uzza, both of whom were known for their honorable status and virtuous lives. Aminah was celebrated for her intelligence, dignity, and grace. She was the most noble woman out of Banu Hashim at that time.

Prophet Muhammad’s Birth

50 or 55 days after the Event of Elephant, (Abrahah’s Invasion of Makkah), the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was born on 5th May, 570 CE, which corresponds to the 10th or 12th of Rabi’ al-Uola.

Abdullah’s Death

During a trade journey to Jerusalem, Abdullah fell sick. On his way back to home, he has to stayed with Abdul Muttalib’s inlaws, Banu Najjar, in Yathrib.

Her resilience and strength during this period reflected her deep faith and fortitude. Aminah gave birth to Muhammad in the Year of the Elephant, a year marked by the miraculous event when Mecca was saved from an invading army led by the Abyssinian ruler Abraha.

The Early Years of Muhammad (Peace be upon him)

Muhammad’s early life was marked by further loss and hardship. Aminah took her infant son to visit his father’s grave in Yathrib when he was six years old. On the journey back to Mecca, Aminah fell ill and died in the village of Al-Abwa, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was then placed under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and later his uncle, Abu Talib.

Despite their brief lives, Abdullah and Aminah’s legacy endured through their son, Muhammad. The Prophet’s early experiences of loss and orphanhood profoundly shaped his empathy, resilience, and commitment to justice and compassion, principles that would later become the cornerstone of his prophethood.

His life took a significant turn when he was chosen to marry Aminah bint Wahb, a match that was celebrated for its alignment of noble lineage and piety. Abdullah and Aminah’s union was blessed, yet their time together was tragically brief. Shortly after Aminah conceived Muhammad, Abdullah embarked on a trading journey to Syria. On his return, he fell ill and passed away in Yathrib (later known as Medina) at the young age of 25, leaving behind a pregnant Aminah and an unborn Muhammad.

Conclusion

Abdullah and Aminah, though they lived short lives, played pivotal roles in the early narrative of Islam. Their noble lineage, virtuous lives, and the profound trials they endured set the stage for the arrival of Muhammad, who would go on to change the course of history. The legacy of Abdullah and Aminah lives on not just in the annals of Islamic history, but in the hearts of millions of Muslims who revere the parents of their beloved Prophet.

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