Pakistan Affairs: A Brief Timeline - Islamic Scientific Schools

Here is a timeline of Pakistan Affairs from the inception of the Muslim Rule in India to the present day.

Muslim Rule

Here’s a timeline of Muslim rule in India prior to the Mughal period, covering the key dynasties and events from the early invasions to the establishment of the Mughal Empire:

Early Muslim Invasions and Rule

711-712: Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, conquers Sindh (in present-day Pakistan), marking the first significant Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

Ghaznavid Dynasty (971-1186)

971: Alptegin, a former Turkish slave, establishes the Ghaznavid Dynasty in Ghazni (in present-day Afghanistan).
998-1030: Mahmud of Ghazni leads several invasions into northern India, plundering wealth and establishing control over parts of Punjab.
1030: Mahmud dies, and the Ghaznavid control over their Indian territories weakens over time.

Ghurid Dynasty (879-1215)

1175: Muhammad of Ghor begins his series of invasions into northern India, capturing Multan and Uch.
1191-1192: Battles of Tarain: In the first battle, Prithviraj Chauhan defeats Muhammad of Ghor. In the second battle, Muhammad of Ghor defeats Prithviraj Chauhan, paving the way for Muslim rule in northern India.
1194: Muhammad of Ghor’s general, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, captures Delhi, establishing the foundation for Muslim rule in India.

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (1206-1290)

1206: Qutb-ud-din Aibak becomes the first Sultan of Delhi, marking the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.
1210: Aibak dies; his successor, Iltutmish, consolidates the Sultanate’s power.
1236: Iltutmish’s daughter, Razia Sultana, becomes the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
1266-1287: Ghiyas ud din Balban strengthens the Sultanate’s administration and military.

Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320)

1290: Jalal-ud-din Khilji becomes the Sultan of Delhi.
1296: Alauddin Khilji ascends the throne, expanding the Sultanate’s territory through military campaigns in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the Deccan.
1303: Alauddin Khilji successfully defends Delhi against a Mongol invasion.

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)

1320: Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq Dynasty.
1325: Muhammad bin Tughlaq becomes Sultan; his ambitious projects, including shifting the capital to Daulatabad, largely fail.
1351: Firoz Shah Tughlaq ascends the throne, focusing on infrastructure development and administrative reforms.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)

1414: Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty, takes control of Delhi.
1421: Mubarak Shah succeeds Khizr Khan and faces constant revolts.

Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)

1451: Bahlul Lodi establishes the Lodi Dynasty after defeating the last Sayyid ruler.
1489: Sikandar Lodi succeeds Bahlul Lodi and moves the capital to Agra.
1517: Ibrahim Lodi becomes Sultan, facing internal dissent and challenges to his authority.
1526: The Battle of Panipat: Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi, marking the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the beginning of the Mughal Empire.

Mughal Empire

Here’s a timeline of the Mughal Empire in India, highlighting key events from its establishment to its decline:

16th Century

1526: The Battle of Panipat marks the beginning of the Mughal Empire. Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi and establishes Mughal rule in India.
1527: Babur defeats Rana Sanga of Mewar at the Battle of Khanwa, consolidating Mughal power in Northern India.
1530: Babur dies, and his son Humayun ascends the throne.
1540: Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayun at the Battle of Kanauj, temporarily ending Mughal rule. The Suri Dynasty rules until 1555.
1555: Humayun recaptures Delhi, restoring Mughal rule.

17th Century

1605: Akbar dies, and his son Jahangir becomes the emperor. Jahangir is known for his administrative reforms and patronage of the arts.
1628: Jahangir dies, and his son Shah Jahan ascends the throne. Shah Jahan is renowned for his architectural achievements, including the construction of the Taj Mahal.
1658: Aurangzeb seizes power after a war of succession, imprisoning his father, Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb expands the empire to its greatest territorial extent but faces numerous revolts and resistance.

18th Century

1707: Aurangzeb dies, and the Mughal Empire begins to decline due to succession conflicts and regional uprisings.
1739: Nader Shah of Persia invades India and sacks Delhi, delivering a significant blow to the Mughal Empire.
1757: The Battle of Plassey marks the beginning of British colonial dominance in India. The British East India Company becomes the de facto power in Bengal.
1764: The Battle of Buxar solidifies British control over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, further weakening the Mughal Empire.

19th Century

1803: The British East India Company captures Delhi, and the Mughal Emperor becomes a puppet ruler under British protection.
1857: The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, leads to the end of the Mughal Empire. The last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is exiled by the British after the rebellion is suppressed.
1858: The British Crown takes direct control of India, marking the end of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of the British Raj.

British Rule in India

Here’s a detailed timeline of British rule in India, covering the period from the early colonial presence to the independence of India in 1947:

Early British Presence and Expansion (1600-1857)

1600: The British East India Company is established by a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I to trade in the Indian Ocean region.
1615: Sir Thomas Roe, the English ambassador to the Mughal court, obtains permission for the East India Company to trade and establish factories in India.
1757: The Battle of Plassey marks the beginning of British political control in India. Robert Clive defeats the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah.
1764: The Battle of Buxar solidifies British control over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
1773: The Regulating Act is passed by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India. Warren Hastings is appointed the first Governor-General of India.
1784: The Pitt’s India Act establishes a dual system of control by the British government and the East India Company.
1799: The British defeat Tipu Sultan at the Battle of Seringapatam, leading to the annexation of Mysore.
1803: The British capture Delhi and establish control over much of northern India.
1818: The Third Anglo-Maratha War leads to the defeat of the Maratha Empire, and the British become the paramount power in India.
1848-1849: The Second Anglo-Sikh War results in the annexation of the Punjab.

British Raj (1858-1947)

1857: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Indian Independence) occurs. The rebellion is suppressed by the British.
1858: The British Crown takes direct control of India from the East India Company, establishing the British Raj. The Government of India Act 1858 is enacted, and Lord Canning becomes the first Viceroy of India.
1876: Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
1885: The Indian National Congress (INC) is founded to advocate for greater Indian participation in governance.
1905: The partition of Bengal by the British government leads to widespread protests and the Swadeshi movement.
1911: The partition of Bengal is reversed due to strong opposition. The capital of British India is moved from Calcutta to Delhi.
1919: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurs, where British troops kill hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians. The Government of India Act 1919 introduces limited self-governance.
1930: Mahatma Gandhi launches the Salt March, a significant event in the Indian independence movement.
1935: The Government of India Act 1935 is enacted, providing for greater self-governance and provincial autonomy.
1940: The Lahore Resolution is passed by the All-India Muslim League, calling for independent states for Muslims in north-western and eastern zones of India.
1942: The Quit India Movement is launched by the INC, demanding an end to British rule. The movement is suppressed by the British.
1946: The Cabinet Mission proposes a plan for the transfer of power to Indian leadership and the creation of an interim government.

Reform Movements and Figures

Here is a timeline detailing key reform movements and the establishment of significant educational institutions in the Indian subcontinent, focusing on figures like Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, and institutions such as Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, Sindh Madrassah, and Islamia College Peshawar:

Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624)

1564: Birth of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
1619: Sirhindi is imprisoned by Mughal Emperor Jahangir for his opposition to certain policies but is later released.
1624: Death of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
Legacy: Known as “Mujaddid Alif Sani” (the reformer of the second millennium), Sirhindi emphasized the revival of Islamic orthodoxy and Sufi practices in response to the syncretic policies of Akbar.

Shah Waliullah (1703-1762)

1703: Birth of Shah Waliullah in Delhi.
1731: Waliullah completes his studies in Mecca and Medina and returns to Delhi.
1747: Begins his major work on translating the Quran into Persian, making Islamic teachings accessible to a broader audience.
1762: Death of Shah Waliullah.
Legacy: Advocated for the unification of Sunni Muslims and the reform of Islamic education, and stressed the importance of adherence to the Sharia.

Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed (1786-1831)

1786: Birth of Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed in Rae Bareli, India.
1826: Launches the Jihad movement against the Sikh rule in Punjab.
1831: Killed in the Battle of Balakot.
Legacy: Known for his efforts to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia and for his role in the revivalist movements in the Indian subcontinent.

Educational Institutions

Darul Uloom Deoband (1866)

1866: Founded by Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in Deoband, Uttar Pradesh.
Mission: To preserve Islamic teachings and culture by providing traditional Islamic education in response to British colonial rule.

Aligarh Movement and Aligarh Muslim University (1875)

1875: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan establishes the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh, which later becomes Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
Mission: To promote modern education and rational scientific thinking among Muslims while preserving Islamic identity.

Nadwatul Ulama (1894)

1894: Founded in Lucknow by a group of Islamic scholars including Maulana Shibli Nomani.
Mission: To reform Islamic education by integrating modern subjects with traditional Islamic studies.

Sindh Madrassah (1885)

1885: Established in Karachi by Hassan Ali Effendi.
Mission: To provide modern education along with religious instruction, serving as a pivotal institution in Sindh.

Islamia College Peshawar (1913)

1913: Founded by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel.
Mission: To promote higher education in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and serve as a catalyst for the educational upliftment of the region.

Independence and Partition (1947)

Here’s a comprehensive timeline of the history of Pakistan, covering key events in its formation, internal affairs, and external relations:

Formation and Early Years (1947-1958)

1947: Pakistan gains independence from British rule on August 14, partitioned from India.
1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founder and first Governor-General, dies.
1948: The first Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir begins.
1951: Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, is assassinated.
1956: Pakistan becomes an Islamic republic with the adoption of its first constitution.
Martial Law and Ayub Khan Era (1958-1971)
1958: General Ayub Khan seizes power in a military coup, declaring martial law.
1965: The second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir takes place.
1969: Ayub Khan resigns; General Yahya Khan takes over as President.
Civil War and Bangladesh Independence (1971-1977)
1970: General elections are held; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Awami League wins a majority, leading to tensions with West Pakistan.
1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War begins, resulting in East Pakistan seceding to become Bangladesh. India intervenes, leading to a third Indo-Pakistani War.
1972: The Simla Agreement is signed between India and Pakistan, establishing a framework for bilateral relations.
1973: A new constitution is adopted, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto becomes Prime Minister.
Zia-ul-Haq Era and Islamization (1977-1988)
1977: General Zia-ul-Haq overthrows Bhutto in a military coup, declares martial law, and later becomes President.
1979: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is executed.
1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan begins; Pakistan supports Afghan Mujahideen with U.S. assistance.
1984: Zia holds a referendum to legitimize his rule.
1988: Zia-ul-Haq dies in a plane crash; Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, becomes Prime Minister.
Democratic Period and Political Instability (1988-1999)
1990: Benazir Bhutto’s government is dismissed; Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister.
1993: Benazir Bhutto returns to power after elections.
1996: Bhutto’s government is dismissed again; Nawaz Sharif wins the subsequent elections.
1998: Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in response to Indian tests, becoming a declared nuclear power.
1999: General Pervez Musharraf overthrows Nawaz Sharif in a military coup.

Musharraf Era and War on Terror (1999-2008)

2001: Musharraf becomes President; Pakistan becomes a key ally in the U.S.-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.
2002: Musharraf holds a referendum to extend his presidency.
2007: Benazir Bhutto returns from exile but is assassinated.
2008: General elections lead to the victory of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP); Yousaf Raza Gillani becomes Prime Minister; Musharraf resigns.

Democratic Governance and Terrorism (2008-present)

2010: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution is passed, reducing presidential powers and strengthening parliamentary democracy.
2011: Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
2013: Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister for the third time after elections.
2018: Imran Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) wins the general elections; Imran Khan becomes Prime Minister.
2019: Tensions with India escalate following a suicide bombing in Pulwama, Indian-administered Kashmir, leading to military confrontations.
2020: Pakistan faces significant challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2022: Imran Khan is ousted through a no-confidence motion, and Shehbaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister.
2023: Imran gets arrested on 9th May, and PTI launches violence against the Pak Army by attacking security installments and monuments of Shuahda.
2024: General Elections lead to the formation of Pakistan Muslim League’s government with coalition parties. Shehbaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister again.

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